STD Testing Info

With the bolstering technological improvements and breakthrough, anything beyond your imagination becomes possible. Entering the outer space, getting through the ocean, searching volcanoes and mountains—are inexplicable wonders of human prowess. Same goes with the invention of machines, robots, androids, to name a few, all of them have replaced human intervention in labor-extensive works and have continuously altered human mind and power. All of these modern advancements prove that nothing is impossible; the wonders of science and technology that befall to man will incessantly sweep the grounds to reality.

Human cloning has been a catchphrase for years and aroused worldwide interest for its scientific and ethical implications. Imagine, if someone dearest to you died, you could just consult some scientists to clone that person and make him/her alive again. You could have also cloned yourself so that someone will do homework for you while you are enjoying a night out with friends. Renowned personalities like Marilyn Monroe, Princess Diana, and even Adolf Hitler could have been alive with the help of this technology. Historical people like Queen Nefertiti, Egyptian emperors, or Roman cavaliers could also be brought back to life with all of this wonderful human mind.
If cloning is meant to duplicate human or produce plants and animal; are you aware that the new trend today is the creation of dolls that might replaced men and women for sexual pleasure?

Realistic silicon love dolls have been gaining massive popularity and been invading the cyber space. Thousands of men are spending almost $6,500 or embezzling million dollars for silicone love doll. These dolls are doomed to feed men’s sexual desire and fantasies.

Real love dolls are manufactured and designed as a total replication of humans. You can choose from different body types, size of heads, skin tones, palette of make up, colors of hair, pubic hair style, areola color plus the shipping fee and you can have your own silicone dolls.

You can choose the breast size that you can massage. These dolls would be a more erotic and pleasurable companion in bed because they help you easily reach your orgasm anytime. These dolls can pose at different erotic angles and you’ll be assured that she will be loyal to you. She’ll never cheats, get pregnant, or passes on sexually transmitted disease. And most of all, she never says “no” when you want to have sex.

At any viewpoint you have and cast to these creation, adult love dolls manifest either the intimate or lustful necessities of men. These love doll for sex serve as the companion and relief for men until they reach their orgasm. They become a potential friend to those who are seeking momentary happiness and unexplainable sexual cravings.

Although it is spine-chilling to know that there are a lot of men who are indulged in having or having had sex to these dolls, we have to keep in mind that there are reasons why they are inclined to do it. We can’t find words or adjectives to describe these men—misogynist, pervert, rapist, loser, desperate—they tragically do!! Many of them are simply longing for companions or some are blatantly sexual monster!!!

By: Badeth Abonita

How do you know if you’re ready for sex, Readiness can relate to many things in our lives e.g., am I ready for marriage, have a baby or fly the nest and go it alone? Regardless of whatever the issue it will have to be given serious thought. Readiness is about being prepared. If a happening requires readiness then this is a sure sign to show you are facing severe consequences if not prepared.

Am I ready for sex; sadly we have those who believed they were at the time of having sexual intercourse and now push babies in prams or treated for venereal diseases? Knowing when the time feels right is a personal decision, whether you’re in a long standing relationship or having casual sex. The most important thing is to think of your health and feel content with the situation.
Sex is a not a compulsory issue so you get to choose. Sexual activity has to be a joint agreement between both genders. Readiness means fully understanding all risks involved from having unprotected sex. Take necessary precautions for protection before sex becomes a reality. The contraceptive pill may not be agreeable to all so your doctor will have questions to ask. Condoms are forms of contraception that are effective and safe and help prevent infections.

Sex isn’t just a physical act. A level of arousing intimacy and loyalty is involved for both parties. Talking about your feelings will bring closeness. Knowing each other’s expectations will have the experience be a pleasant one than one of disaster. If this is your first time tell your partner you are a virgin, this will have them take things gently. Losing your virginity is not a mature act and is not the in thing to do just because others are:
First time sex brings its own rewards in the right situation and preferably with the right partner. Sex is not about penetration. Am I read for having sex? This is something only you can answer. The important things is to be open and honest with your partner,

Never leave anything to chance. Get a second opinion from mum or your doctor. Some hearsay advice below for you

1 I can’t get pregnant if the man pulls out before he ejaculates.

“Oh yes you can.” Sperm can still be present in pre-cum. It only takes one sperm to get you pregnant. Fluid may contain infections. Some men aren’t aware of ejaculation and can easily forget to withdraw the penis in time to prevent sperm entering the vagina.

2 I can’t fall pregnant during my period.

“Oh yes you can.” There is every possibility of pregnancy happening during a period, particularly towards the end of the menstrual cycle.

3 I can’t get pregnant having sex standing up.

“Oh yes you can.” If you have unprotected sex, no matter how, where, time or place you can get pregnant.

4 Condoms are 100% safe.

“On no they are not.” Although considered a highly effective form of contraception, they can split so use them in conjunction with another form of contraception (the pill.)

5 I can’t get pregnant while on the pill.

“Oh yes you can” if you forget to take your pill.

6 It’s safe to have sex after the first pill is popped.

“Oh not it is not.” Different types of contraceptive pill can take time to go to work. This can range from 0-14 days. Use another form of contraception during the time it takes for the pill to become effective.

7 If I miss taking my birth control pill it doesn’t matter.

“Oh yes it does.” The contraceptive pill should be taken at the same time each day, but is regarded as “missed” if it is taken more than 12 hours late (three hours late for the mini-pill, although with the mini pill Cerazette you have a 12-hour window. If more than one pill is missed, the last missed pill should be taken and the rest of the packet taken at the normal time.

8 If a condom slips off or splits, there’s nothing you can do.

“Oh yes you can” If you’re female and you can take emergency contraception, the morning after pill. This should be taken within 72 hours of having sex.

9 Urinating after sexual intercourse washes out sperm.

“On no it does not.” Urine exits the bladder through the urethra, which lies in above of the vaginal opening. Which means any sperm in the vagina won’t even get wet when you pee.

10 All men hate wearing a condom.

“Oh no they don`t.” Although some fellas have said it is like going to bed with your socks on, if a bloke has any respect for you he will wear a condom to keep you both safe.

Take heed of “Oh yes you can” and “Oh no it does not” because both are indecisive quotations. If these stick at the back of your mind then you are simply not ready.

Abortion data carried out in England and Wales in 2007 was made public on 19 June 2008 and approved by the UK Statistics authority. How many of these were a result of an unwanted pregnancy is not clearly determined.
The number of abortions was 198,500, compared with 193,700 in 2006, a 2.5% increase.

1 The age-consistent abortion rate was 18.6 per 1,000 resident women aged 15-44, compared with 18.3 in 2006

2 The abortion rate was highest at 36 per 1,000, for women age 19

3 Under-16 abortion rate was 4.4 and the under- 18 rate was 19.8 per 1,000 women, both greater than in 2006

4 89% of terminations were funded by the NHS; 57% took place in the independent sector under NHS contract
90% of terminations were carried out at under 13 weeks gestation; 70% under 10 weeks

5 Medical abortions accounted for 35% of the total compared with 30% in 2006

6 1,900 abortions (1%) were underground E, risk that the child would be born handicapped

In 2007, 7,100 abortions for non-residents were carried out in hospitals and clinics in England and Wales (7,400 in 2006)

Over the past ten years there has been a considerable increase in sexually transmitted diseases in the UK. Uncomplicated gonorrhea increased by 42% between 1998 and 2007, while genital Chlamydia increased by 150%. Chlamydia is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease since 2001, passing genital warts. Bacterial infections have speedily increased partly due to a general deterioration in sexual health amongst young people and gay men. GUM services have made a major contribution by encouraging testing. G.U.M. clinic is an N.H.S. run establishment for all aspects of sexual health. The phone directory lists these services under genito-urinary clinic, STDs or venereal diseases.

By: kacycarr

If you are sexually active, you need to know about the wide range of sexually transmitted diseases that can put you in danger. Just take a look at the guide for sexually transmitted diseases that we have established below and you’ll be able to discover all the information you need.

There is a wide variety of sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted diseases, so take a look at the news, we have provided below and learn how to protect yourself against them.
What are STIs and sexually transmitted diseases?

Sexually transmitted diseases and infections are sexually transmitted infections or diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, anal and sex. Some sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted infections can also be transmitted by syringes after being used by someone who is infected with an STD.

You can discover more about the wide variety of sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted infections below, as we have listed a lot of useful information on a number of the most widespread.

Types of infection

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in England. Chlamydia often has no visible symptoms, which means it can often not be diagnosed. However, once diagnosed, the infection can be treated.

If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic pain, pain during sex, and sometimes bleeding between periods. Men can suffer from a swelling of the tube that leads from the bladder up penis, in addition to swelling of the tube leading from the testes to penis.

HIV is the most serious STDs. It attacks the body’s natural immune system, which usually defends the body against infection and disease.

HIV infects cells that are called CD4 cells and are responsible for the fight against infection. After getting the HIV virus, the CD4 cells are destroyed by HIV. This leaves a person who is infected with HIV with a high risk of developing an infection, or diseases like leukemia.

Where to Go

If you think you have a sexually transmitted disease or STD, there are many sexual health clinics to be able to offer tests and offer treatment. To find out where your local clinic is, simply contact your local health authority and they will gladly help.

On the other hand, you may visit Dr. which will also be able to help you. Do not be ashamed of the explicit nature of your problem – Dr. seen often related to sexual health.

Protecting Yourself

There are several ways to protect yourself against sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted infections, although only abstinence is 100% safe. However, sexually active people can protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases by ensuring that they regularly STI and STD testing.

By: Jade Simpson

By Anastacia Mott Austin

Charla Muller couldn’t think of what to give her husband for his 40th birthday. It was a special birthday, but nothing she came up with seemed particularly creative.

Then she had a flash of insight. As her gift, she promised her husband they would have sex every day for a year. 365 days of sex.

“This is something no one else would give him,” said Muller in an interview. “It didn’t cost a lot of money, it was highly memorable. It met all the criteria for a really great gift.”

At first he was delighted. Then he figured she wouldn’t follow through. But when it became clear that she was serious, off they went, having sex almost every day for a year.

The experience is chronicled in Muller’s book, “365 Nights.” Coincidentally, the book is being released at nearly the same time as another one with the same subject matter. “Just Do It,” by Douglas Brown, tells the story of Brown and his wife and their pledge to have sex 101 days in a row.

Both books seem to have hit a nerve and are selling well, and the couples are being adopted as media darlings and hitting the talk show circuit.

Psychotherapist Dr. Barton Goldsmith, author of “Emotional Fitness for Couples,” said to reporters that the economic situation could be part of the reason for the books’ popularity.

“Recession is good for relationships,” said Dr. Goldsmith. “People don’t want to go out so they can cocoon, and sex can be fun for many couples. It beats the hell out of Monopoly. Reclaiming the spark of romance is always a timely subject.”

While the Mullers embarked on their year of love as a birthday gift, the Browns decided to “just do it” because they were in the doldrums after having moved from Baltimore to Colorado.

Missing friends, family, and neighborhood, the couple thought up their idea as a way to get them out of their depression. “We were just kind of bummed out when Annie handed me this idea, and I said that it might be kind of fun and put some spark back in our lives,” said “Just Do It” author Douglas Brown. “Baltimore was the kind of place that generated its own spark. We wanted to see if we could do the same in what we began to call our sensory-deprivation chamber.”

That doesn’t say much for Stapleton, Colorado, where they had moved to.

Both books chronicle the challenges of sex every single day, whether they felt like it or not. Sick? Gotta have sex anyway. Mad? Too bad, time to have sex. Kids getting in the way? Hire a babysitter and go to it.

There were definitely obstacles. One day Doug Brown experience a bout of vertigo (dizziness and disorientation) and his wife was not going to take no for an answer. “I’m not a quitter,” she told reporters. “The night he had vertigo, I said, ‘I’m sorry guy, but you’ve got to keep going.’”

For her part, Charla Muller says she hit a wall around month 10, and started referring to the “gift” as “my stupid idea,” and “my cross to bear.” But the Mullers, too, kept going, missing only a few days per month as husband Brad traveled for work. “When he was traveling, we tried to make up for it,” said Charla.

Both books are selling very well, though “Just Do It” is doing somewhat better on bestseller lists, some say because the details of the 101-day sexathon are more graphic, and the reader feels like he or she “is part of a threesome.”

Think you could do it? It might not solve all your problems, say psychologists and sex therapists. “There’s all sorts of reasons people lose interest in sex with their partner; disappointments, life cycles, financial issues. Just having [sex] isn’t going to resolve those.”

But for the Mullers and the Browns, they say it definitely brought them closer. “[We had] this intense closeness,” said Annie Brown of the 101-day experience. “We were so aware of wherever the other person was mentally and emotionally, and physically.”

The Browns say they didn’t have sex for a month after the 101st day, but that their frequency these days is better than it was before the experiment.

The Mullers, too, say that sex is better these days, and they’re glad for their year-long tryst. “It made it much easier to be open to the idea, more spontaneous,” says Charla Muller. “It was a really meaningful lesson.”

Here are some guidelines for the beginners i.e. if you are going to have sex first time. It can help you to explore the pleasure in a better way.

Relaxation is the key. Have sex when you and your partner, both are relaxed. There is not a specific time to have sex. May it be the break of dawn, afternoon or the darkness of night. More important than time of day is the time you have to spend. Have a lot of time to have sex the first time. For ‘lot of time’ I mean at least the whole day, including sleep time.

So, what do you do if you haven’t had sex before? You were friends and now you are in a loving relationship and now you both are sure that the time is right to move on. But first of all make a mental check list of the things that matter. Here are a few thoughts:

Be sure you both want to go further. Alternatives are there – mutual masturbation and oral sex are often just as satisfying, for example. Find a comfortable place where you feel safe. The back seat of an auto, jeep, car or truck isn’t a great sensation enhancer. Sex is an intimate activity, but many times people are more reluctant to discuss it. If you can’t talk openly, then maybe you need to rethink your plans. You must be legally able to have sex. You must think about contraception and protection from sexually transmitted diseases. The latter being more important if one of you is not a virgin

So, let’s assume that you have taken care of all these things. Now, you are going ahead with one of the most blissful and fulfilling things that two human beings can do. You now need to know what to do. First of all, don’t fear. When you are aroused you will find the physical and emotional aspects of sex all come more naturally than you would ever have imagined. Communication is the key here. Tell your girl that it’s your first time. Is it her first time too? If not, then you are lucky (?), because she can help you. There’s no point pretending you are an experienced lover if you are not.

There is often a lot of pressure to have full sexual intercourse at the first time, but mutual masturbation is better than full sexual intercourse. She can bring you off by hand, or even by mouth. You can give her pleasure by hand or mouth. for most men, giving oral sex to a woman is a very, very exciting experience, because the scent and taste of such close sexual contact with a woman are very arousing indeed. Furthermore, when you come to put your penis inside her, it may be easier if you have spent some time gently playing with her vagina and vulva beforehand. Many couples like at an early stage of sex play is to have the man to gently put a finger inside the woman’s vagina: this can be exciting for both of them, and it can help give the man confidence that getting his penis in will not be difficult which it won’t be if she is well-lubricated.

For ‘that’ special day, eat something light. A heavy meal can make you sleepy. Don’t drink too much alcohol. It may also make his erection much more difficult to achieve and you want to spend more time in the bedroom than the bathroom anyway.

Use a condom if she isn’t on the pill or if you are unsure of each other’s sexual history!!

All in all, the happiness of the experience is mostly down to you being relaxed and happy with each other. Most likely your first time will be only moderately successful, but you need to expect that – don’t look for the earth to move – that will come later! What is most important is that you like being together and feel no regret, shame or embarrassment about the experience. Above all, don’t be insincere (e.g. don’t tell her you love her if you don’t!). My final word is one of caution – don’t go the whole way unless both of you really want to. Above all, don’t do it because you feel pressured to do it. Most of all, enjoy yourself. You will see how good it is to be a man!

Early November marked the 10-year anniversary of Magic Johnson’s formal announcement that he had contracted HIV and would retire from the Los Angeles Lakers in the prime of his career. The announcment stunned the sports world.

In discussing how he got the virus, Johnson said, “Sometimes you are a little naive and think it can never happen to you. You think it can only happen to other people. Well here I am to say it can happen to anyone, even me, Magic Johnson.”

Since then, Johnson has participated in several programs to raise awareness of the disease in sports and society, but have his efforts made a difference?

While few statistics exist gauging the impact on sports, anecdotal evidence would indicate that his influence has been limited.

For example, the high-profile Gold Club (a strip bar in Atlanta) trial last summer showed that many professional athletes continue to succumb to sexual temptation despite the increased risk of disease.

Not confined to basketball, stars from the National Football League and Major League Baseball are alleged to have frequently engaged in sexual activity while visiting the bar according to court records. Among the athletes who appeared, or were scheduled to appear, as witnesses at the trial were Andruw Jones, Terrell Davis, Jamal Anderson and Patrick Ewing.

The list of athletes who have contracted HIV or died of AIDS since the Johnson announcement represent a broad spectrum of sports, ages and races. Some of the more prominent are Arthur Ashe, Greg Louganis and Tommy Morrison.

In a recent interview with ESPN, Indiana Pacers Head Coach Isiah Thomas, attempting to explain Magic’s limited impact, said, “I think the first month or two Earvin came out — just probably like every other athlete, thinking that it couldn’t happen then and then it happens to the greatest player to play the game — everyone focused on being more careful. But, watching a lot of the guys that come up in the league now, it is almost back to 15, 20 years ago.”

The growing paternity problems faced by many pro athletes further suggest that messages promoting HIV/AIDS awareness are falling on deaf ears. In a 1997 Sports Illustrated investigation, many examples of athletes with numerous illegitimate children were cited to illustrate this trend. Perhaps the most notorious player was the NBA’s Shawn Kemp, who at the time had seven children with six different women.

In addition to these examples, national data reveals that society’s reaction to the illness parallels the pattern evident in sports. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the number of reported AIDS cases in the United States actually increased from 41,502 in 1990 (the year prior to Johnson’s announcement) to 70,715 in 1995. By 1999, the number of cases had decreased back down to 41,680.

Even when taking into account the population growth the nation has experienced in the last 10 years, the data at best show little change in the spread of HIV/AIDS over the past decade. In fact, the decrease in reported cases of AIDS in 1999 can probably be attributed more to medical advancements than a shift in people’s behavior. Thus, the world of sports — rather than being an aberration — seems to simply mirror the lack of change in society since Johnson’s revelation.

In an ironic twist, part of the minimal impact of Johnson’s message may lie in his ability to thrive in life after obtaining HIV. Specifically, he has yet to develop AIDS, is bulkier than he was when first retiring, has come back to the NBA twice and has built a powerful business empire to match his success on the court.

Another contributing factor to the lack of response among athletes may be the lower rates at which heterosexual men contract the disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that just 15 percent of men who have HIV/AIDS in the United States received the disease through heterosexual intercourse. In fact, some studies find that women are 20 times more likely to become infected when engaging in unprotected sex than men.

As a result, many heterosexual athletes may have a false sense of security when having unprotected sex. They shouldn’t though, because the CDC also reports that 80 percent of cases worldwide are transmitted through heterosexual sex.

Despite these obstacles, Johnson has certainly succeeded in raising awareness of HIV/AIDS among sports leagues. For example, the NFL, MLB and NBA all have implemented formal programs to increase knowledge about the dangers of the disease.

The leagues have also adopted policies to reduce the risk of transmission during athletic competition. Research from the University of Alberta Health Center has found that the risk of transmission is infinitesimally small during competition. Since 1993, only one documented case has occurred during an athletic event, when two soccer players smashed heads during a game.

Nonetheless, HIV/AIDS remains a large problem both off the court and off the field. As a result, Johnson has a lot of work ahead of him. Fortunately, he shows no signs of slowing down in his crusade to prevent the spread of this tragic disease.

The British government was yesterday accused of breaking its G8 pledge to help defeat Aids when it revealed it would only marginally increase its contribution to the Global Fund for Aids, Malaria and Tuberculosis.

The international development secretary, Douglas Alexander, promised £1bn over the next eight years to the fund, but campaigners said this fell far short of the G8 pledge to treble contributions by 2010. “This is only £125m a year. Currently the UK gives £100m a year,” said Steve Cockburn, of the Stop Aids campaign.

“It is astonishing how quickly promises become meaningless. In June the G8 promised to treble the size of the Global Fund by 2010, in order to tackle three diseases that kill 6 million people each year. Then in July, at the UN, Gordon Brown claimed moral leadership by warning the world that promises to tackle poverty and disease must be not be broken. Yet today the government has done exactly that, and sadly the effect will be felt by millions of people affected by Aids, TB and malaria across the world.”

The announcement at the labor party conference comes only two days before the start of a major Global Fund replenishment conference in Berlin, where the donor countries will meet to commit new money for drugs, prevention strategies and improvements to the health services of developing countries.

Campaigners, who include Oxfam and Action Aid as well as US groups, are concerned that the low offer from the UK will have an impact on the generosity of other European nations. The German chancellor, Angela Merkel, is hosting the conference and had been expected to make a substantial increase in Germany’s contribution. Beyond Europe, there are greater worries about the effect on the US. The US undertakes to provide a third of the money for the Global Fund – an amount that rises or falls according to other countries’ contributions. Campaigners – including Elton John writing in the Guardian on Saturday – had called on Britain to give £700m over the next three years.

UN AIDS today raises the bar again in a report that concludes that available resources for HIV/Aids must more than quadruple from their 2007 level if the world is to achieve the goal set by the G8 of universal access to treatment for all. Some $42.2bn (£20.9bn) will be needed by 2010, it says, rising to $54bn by 2015.

Aron Pelela, 31, worked as a prep chef at The Causeway Café in Wrightsville Beach. But when the restaurant’s owners learned that Pelela was HIV-positive, they were worried about their liability and the potential risk to their customers. A local health ordinance prohibits someone with a contagious disease from working in the food industry, and HIV is a contagious disease, so the restaurant’s owners contacted the local health department for advice.

The health department would not give them clearance to employ Pelela, but they also refused to give them a statement saying it was not a violation to employ him. The restaurant’s owners felt they had no choice but to let him go, so Pelela was fired in October 2005. Attorney Joyce L. Davis of Raleigh, NC, then enlisted the help of Lambda Legal to sue the restaurant under the Americans With Disabilities Act. Lambda Legal is a national legal organization that sues businesses for perceived civil rights infringements, on behalf of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people, and people who are HIV-positive.

Attorney Andrew Hanley of Wilmington, NC, who represented the restaurant, said that the owners felt they had done the right thing by firing Pelela, and they thought they had a strong defense. But they could not afford to fight Lambda Legal in federal court, so they were forced to settle with Pelela out of court for an undisclosed amount of money. “It’s just one of those issues,” Hanely said, “Where if you’re a mom-and-pop business, it’s hard to fight these national interest groups.” In addition, the restaurant had to promise that it will conduct training sessions about how HIV is transmitted, and will ensure that it does not discriminate against employees who are HIV-positive.

“There is no risk of transmission of HIV through the preparation of food, yet myths about transmission are clearly running rampant,” said Greg Nevins, senior staff attorney in Lambda Legal’s Southern Regional Office in Atlanta. “We are happy to see the owners of this restaurant instituting a policy based on the facts and training their employees on the truth about HIV transmission.”

The website of the Centers for Disease Control says people can be infected with HIV if “infected blood gets into a worker’s open cut or a mucous membrane (for example, the eyes or inside of the nose).” The site also says that “CDC has investigated only one case of HIV infection that may be attributed to contact with blood during open-mouth kissing.” So evidently there has been at least one person who contracted HIV after HIV-positive blood made contact with their mouth. Since a prep chef might knick his finger without knowing it, and the salad he just prepared might be eaten by a patron who doesn’t know there could be a drop of HIV-positive blood in it, the restaurant’s decision to fire Pelela seems overwhelmingly reasonable. What doesn’t seem reasonable is for the owners of a small restaurant to have to pay him a large sum of money just because they were trying to protect their customers.

The settlement was reached in January. In the meantime, Pelela has found another job and will not return to work at The Causeway Cafe.

At least 100,000 HIV-positive children are to receive low-cost drugs for life, using money raised by a tax on flying.

Former US president Bill Clinton said yesterday that the new charges on airline tickets, pioneered by France, meant his Clinton Foundation HIV/Aids Initiative had the buying power to negotiate with drug companies for big discounts.

This year the foundation will receive $350m (£178m), most of it from an airline ticket tax France began collecting this summer. The government charges passengers an extra €4 for every international economy seat and €40 for first-class tickets. Britain has given $25m to the initiative, called Unitaid.

Mr Clinton said that not enough was being done for children in the developing world. “Only one in 10 children who need [treatment] to live get the drugs. That has to change.”

The foundation has been able to reduce sharply the price of anti-retroviral drugs. Mr Clinton, speaking after a visit to a new ward for children affected by Aids in New Delhi, said two Indian pharmaceutical companies, Cipla and Ranbaxy, had agreed to supply anti-retroviral drugs for children at prices as low as 16 cents (8p) a day, or $60 annually.

“India should be proud of these companies; they are saving countless lives every day,” he said. “We are negotiating for 19 products which are 47% less costly than what is available today.”

With 5.7 million HIV-positive people, India has the highest number of HIV cases in the world. The new deal would provide treatment for 10,000 children in India alone by March 2007. Mr Clinton added that the new medicines were also easier to store, transport and use than current drugs.

Mr Clinton was flanked by India’s most powerful politician, Sonia Gandhi, and the French foreign minister, Philippe Douste-Blazy, a testament to the networking power he still wields. Mr Douste-Blazy said that by 2008, Unitaid would have a £500m budget. “This is a global issue. We are seeing 1,900 new cases [of children infected with HIV] every day, especially in the countries of the south.”

At the last count, India had 202,000 children who were HIV positive. The country has only just woken up to the fact that Aids is killing off the future labour force.

Ms Gandhi, who has made tackling Aids one of her government’s priorities, admitted that the country had suffered from a “painful paradox”, with Indian companies supplying Aids treatments everywhere but India. “That has changed. At the moment 8% of those affected get drugs [in India]. I am confident that momentum will continue,” she said.

Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms
Abbreviation is a single letter or group of letters, which is derived from a word or words. It is used to represent the words for the sake of briefness. The doctors, medical students, pharmacists and scientists very commonly use some abbreviations in their communication in the healthcare industry. These shortcuts or short forms are known as medical abbreviations.

Medical abbreviations can be found in the medical as well as non-medical literature. Many of the common medical abbreviations are frequently used in physician orders, to write prescriptions, complete the patient charts and medical records as well as in communication. They boost brevity, convenience and efficiency as long as wisely used. They also save the time of medical professionals who would otherwise have to write very lengthy medical terms. However, you need to avoid certain abbreviations to avoid confusion and mistakes. There are thousands of medical abbreviations and it may be difficult for you to remember all the short forms.

List of Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations for Medical Terms
Following is an A to Z list of medical abbreviations and acronyms used as short forms for medical terms. This list contains more than just common medical abbreviations, and would be helpful to you as a reference to know the meaning of abbreviations used in medical fields and specialties.
Abbreviation Medical Term
AAA Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
AAD Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
AAO Alert, awake and oriented
AAS Acute Abdominal Series
AB Abortion
ab, abs Abdomen or Abdominal
ABD Abdomen
ABE Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
ABG Arterial Blood Gas
ABI Acquired Brain Injury
AC Before eating
ACB Aortocoronary Bypass
ACD Anemia of Chronic Disease
ACE Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
ACL Anterior Cruciate Ligament
ACLS Advanced Cardiac Life Support
ACS Acute Coronary Syndrome
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
AD Alzheimer’s Disease
ADA Adenosine Deaminase
ADD Attention Deficit Disorder
ADH Antidiuretic Hormone
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADR Adverse Drug Reaction
ADR Acute Dystonic Reaction
AE Hyperkalemia
AED Antiepileptic Drug
AED Automated External Defibrillator
AF Atrial Fibrillation or afebrile
AF Amniotic Fluid
AFB Acid Fast Bacteria
AFP Alpha-fetoprotein
AGN Acute Glomerulonephritis
AI Artificial Insemination or Aortic Insufficiency
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDP Acute Infectious and Parasitical Diseases
AIDP Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis
AIDP Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
AIN Acute Interstitial Nephritis
AKA Above the Knee Amputation
ALA Aminolevulinic Acid
Alc Alcohol
ALD Alcoholic Liver Disease
ALG Antilymphocytic Globulin
ALI Acute Lung Injury
ALL Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
ALPS Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ALT Alanine Transaminase
amb Ambulate
AMI Acute Myocardial Infarction
AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia
AMS Acute Mountain Sickness
ANA Anti-nuclear Antibody
ANS Autonomic Nervous System
AODM Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes)
AOM Acute Otitis Media
APC Atrial Premature Contraction
APD Adult Polycystic Disease
APECED Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
APH Antepartum Hemorrhage
APKD Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
APLS Antiphospholipid Syndrome
APR Abdominoperineal Resection
APS Autoimmune Polyendocrine/Polyglandular Syndrome
APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
ARC AIDS-related Complex
ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
ARF Acute Renal Failure
Arg Arginine
ARM Artificial Rupture of Membranes
ART Antiretroviral Therapy
ARVC Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
ARVD Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
AS Aortic Stenosis
ASA Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
ASAP As soon as possible
ASCAD Arteriosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease
ASCVD Arteriosclerotic Vascular Disease (Arteriosclerosis)
ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder
ASD Atrial Septal Defect
ASGUS Atypical Squamous Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance
ASH, ASHD Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease (Coronary Heart Disease)
ASIS Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
ASO Antistreptolysin-O
AST Aspartate Transaminase
ATN Acute Tubular Necrosis
ATNR Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATP Acute Thrombocytopenic Purpura
ATS Anti-tetanus Serum
AV Arteriovenous/Atrioventricular
AVM Arteriovenous Malformation
AVR Aortic Valve Replacement
AXR Abdominal X-Ray
AZT Azidothymidine
a.a. Amino Acids
A-a gradient Alveolar to Arterial Gradient
A/G Albumin/Globulin ratio
A-V Arteriovenous
A-VO2 Arteriovenous Oxygen
BAC Blood Alcohol Content
BAL Blood Alcohol Level
BAL Bronchoalveolar Lavage
BAO Basic Acid Output
BAT Brown Adipose Tissue
BBB Bundle Branch Block
BBB L Left Bundle Branch Block
BBB R Right Bundle Branch Block
BC Blood Culture
BCAA Brached Chain Amino Acid
BCC Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin (Tuberculosis Vaccination)
BCP Birth Control Pill
BD Bipolar Disorder
BDD Body Dysmorphic Disorder
BDI Beck Depression Inventory
BE Barium Enema
BEE Basal Energy Expenditure
BGAT Blood Glucose Awareness Training
BGL Blood Glucose Level
bid Twice a day
BiPAP Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure
BiVAD Bilateral Ventricular Assist Device
BK Bradykinin
BKA below-the-knee amputation
bld Blood
BM Bone Marrow
BM Bowel Movement
BMC Bone Mineral Content
BMD Bone Mineral Density
BMI Body Mass Index
BMP Blood Metabolic Profile
BMR Basal Metabolic Rate
BMT Bone Marrow Transplant
BNP Brain Natriuretic Peptide
BOM Bilateral Otitis Media
BOOP Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia
BP Blood Pressure
BPAD Bipolar Affective Disorder
BPD Borderline Personality Disorder
BPH Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
BPM Beats Per Minute
BPPV Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
BRBPR Bright Red Blood Per Rectum
BRCA 1 Breast Cancer 1 (human gene and protein)
BS Blood Sugar
BS Breathe Sound, Bowel Sounds
BSA Body Surface Area
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSL Blood Sugar Level
BRBPR Bright Red Blood Per Rectum
BRP Bathroom Priviledges
BT Bleeding Time
BTL Bilateral Tubal Ligation
BTP Breakthrough pain
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
BVP Biventricular Vaginosis
BW Body Weight
BX Biopsy
CA Carcinoma
CA Cancer
Ca Calcium
CAA Crystalline Amino Acids
CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
CAD Coronary Artery Disease
CADASIL Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy
CAG Coronary Artery Graft
CAG Coronary Angiography
CAH Chronic Active Hepatitis
CAH Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
cAMP Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
CAPD Central Auditory Processing Disorder
CAPD Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Caps Capsule
CAT Computed Axial Tomography
CBC Complete Blood Count
CBG Capillary Blood Gas
CBS Chronic Brain Syndrome
cc Cardiac Catheter
CC Chief Complaint
CCF Congestive Cardiac Failure
CCK Cholecystokinin
CCR Cardiocerebral Resuscitation
CCU Coronary Care Unit
CCU Clean Catch Urine
CCV Critical Closing Volume
CDH Congenital Dislocated Hip
CDP Cytosine Diphosphate
CEA Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Carotid Endarterectomy
CF Cystic Fibrosis
CFS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
CGL Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
cGMP Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate
CGN Chronic Glomerulonephritis
CH Congenital Hypothyroidism
CHD Chronic Heart Disease
CHD Coronary Heart Disease
ChE Cholinesterase
CHF Congestive Heart Failure
CHO Carbohydrate
Chol Cholesterol
CHT Congenital Hypothyroidism
CI Cardiac Index
CICU Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
CIDP Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Circ Circumcision
CIS Carcinoma in situ
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
CKD Chronic Kidney Disease
CKMB MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase
CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
CML Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia/Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
CMML Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
CMP Cytosine Monophosphate
CMS Chronic Mountain Sickness
CMV Cyomegalovirus
CN Cranial Nerves
CNS Central Nervous System
CO Cardiac Output, Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
COAD Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease
COCP Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill
COLD Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Conj Conjunctiva
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COX-1 Cyclooxygenase 1
CP Cerebral Palsy
CP Chest Pain
CPAP Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
CPK Creatine Phosphokinase
CPKMB Creatine Phosphokinase heart
CPP Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CPT Current Procedural Terminology
CrCl Creatinine Clearance
CREST Calcinosis Raynaud Esophagus Sclerosis Teleangiectasiae
CRF Chronic Renal Failure
CRF Corticotropin-releasing factor
CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRI Chronic Renal Insufficiency
CRNS Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
CRP C-Reactive Protein
CRT Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
CsA Ciclosporin A
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
CT Computerized Tomography
CTA Computed Tomography Angiography
CTP Cytosine Triphosphate
CTS Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
CTU Cancer Treatment Unit
CTX Ceftriaxone Contractions
CV Cardiovascular
CVA Costovertebral Angle
CVA Cerebrovascular Accident
CVAT CVA tenderness
CVC Central Venous Catheter
CVC Chronic Venous Congestion
CVD Cardiovascular Disease
CVI Cardiovascular incident
CVID Common Variable Immunodeficiency
CVP Central Venous Pressure
CVS Cardiovascular System
CXR Chest X-Ray
C/O Complaining of
C&S Culture & Sensitivity
C-Section Cesarean Section
D5W 5% dextrose in water
DAT Direct Antiglobulin Test
DAT Diet as tolerated
DAW Dispense as written
DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure
DBS Deep Brain Stimulation
DBT Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
DC Discharge or Discontinue
DCBE Double Contrast Barium Enema
DCIS Ductal Carcinoma in situ
DCM Dilated Cardiomyopathy
DDD Daily Defined Doses
DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery
DDx Differential Diagnosis
DES Diethylstilbestrol
Detox Detoxification
DEXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptionmetry
DHE Dihydroergotamine
DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA-S Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate
DHF Decompensated Heart Failure
DI Diabetes Insipidus
DIC Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
DID Dissociative Identity Disorder
DIP Distal Interphalangeal Joint
DiPer Te Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
Dis Dislocation
DiTe Diphtheria Tetanus
DIU Death in Utero-Stillbirth
DJD Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis)
DKA Diabetic Ketoacidosis
dl Deciliter
DLE Disseminated Lupus Erythematosus
DM Diabetes Mellitus
DMD Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
DMD Doctor of Dental Medicine
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNR Do not resuscitate
DO Doctor of Osteopathy
DOA Drugs of Abuse
DOA Dead on Arrival
DOB Date of Birth
DOE Dyspnea on Exertion
DP Dorsalis Pedis
DPH Diphenylhydantoin
DPL Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage
DPT Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus-DPT vaccine
DSA Digital Subtraction Angiography
DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
DT Diphtheria Tetanus
DT Delirium Tremens
DTA Descending Thoracic Aorta
DTP Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis
DTR Deep Tendon Reflex
DU Duodenal Ulcer
DUB Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis
DX Diagnosis
dz Disease
D & C Dilation and curettage
D/C Discharge
d.d. Differential Diagnosis
EAA Essential Amino Acids
EACA Epsilon-aminocaproic acid
EBL Estimated blood loss
EBM Expressed Breast Milk
EBT Electron beam tomography
EBV Epstein-Barr Virus
ECF Extracellular fluid
ECG Electrocardiogram
ECHO Echocardiogram
ECMO Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
ECT Electroconvulsive Therapy
ED Erectile Dysfunction
ED Ectodermal Dysplasia
EDD Estimated Date of Delivery
EDH Epidural Hematoma
EDM Esophageal Doppler Monitor
EDTA Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid
EEG Electroencephalogram
EEX Electrodiagnosis
EF Ejection Fraction
EFAD Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
EGD Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EI Emotional Intelligence
EKG Electrocardiogram
ELISA Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
EmBx Endometrial Biopsy
EMF Endomyocardial Fibrosis
EMG Electromyography
EMR Electronic Medical Record
EMU Early Morning Urine Sample
EMV Eyes, motor, verbal response
ENT Ear, Nose and Throat
EOM extraocular Muscles
EOMI Extraocular Movements Intact
EPH Edema Proteinuria Hypertension
EPO Erythropoietin
EPS Electrophysiology
EQ Emotional Intelligence Quotient
ER Emergency Room
ERCP Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
ESBL Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
ESRD End-Stage Renal Disease
ESV End-systolic Volume
ESWL Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
ET Endotracheal
Etiol Etiology
ETOH Ethanol
ETS Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy
ETT Endotracheal Tube
EUA Examination under Anesthesia
EUP Extrauterine Pregnancy
EUS Endoscopic Ultrasonography
EVAR Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
EVF Erythrocyte Volume Fraction
Exam Examination
Exp Lap Exploratory Laparotomy
E. Coli Escherichia Coli bacteria
F Fahrenheit
Fab Fragment Antigen Binding
FAMMM Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome
FAP Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
FB Foreign Body
FBC Full Blood Count
FBE Full Blood Exam
FBG Fasting Blood Glucose
FBS Fasting Blood Sugar
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FDC Follicular Dendritic Cells
FDIU Foetal Demise in Utero
FDP Fibrin Degradation Product
Fe Iron
fem Female
FEV Forced Expiratory Volume
FFA Free Fatty Acids
FFP Fresh Frozen Plasma
FHR Fetal Heart Rate
FHS Fetal Heart Sound
FHT Fetal Heart Tones
FHx Family History
Flu Influenza
FMF Fetal Movements Felt
FMP First Menstruation Period (Menarche)
fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
FNA Fine Needle Aspiration
FNAB Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
FNAC Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
FNC Full Nursing Care
FNH Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
FOBT Fecal Occult Blood Test
FOS Full of Stool
FPG Fasting Plasma Glucose
FRC Functional Residual Capacity
FROM Full Range of Motion
FSBS Finger-stick Blood Sugar
FSE Fetal Scalp Electrode
FSH Follicle-stimulating Hormone
FTA Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody
FTA-ABS Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption
FTT Failure to thrive
FU Follow-up
FUO Fever of Unknown Origin
FVC Forced Vital Capacity
FWB Full Weight Bearing
Fx, # Fracture
F/C Fevers and/or Chills
G Gravidity
G6PD Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
GA General Anaesthesia
GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GB Gallbladder
GBM Glomerular Basement Membrane
GC Gonorrhea or Gonococcus
GCA Giant Cell Arteritis
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale
GDA Gastroduodenal Artery
GDLH Glutamate Dehydrogenase
GDP Guanosine Diphosphate
GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GETT General by Endotracheal Tube
GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate
GGT Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
GH Growth Hormone
GHFR Growth Hormone Releasing factor
GI Glycemic Index
GI Gastrointestinal
GIFT Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
GIST Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
GIT Gastrointestinal Tract
GITS Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System
GMC General Medical Condition
GMP Guanosine Monophosphate
GM-CSF Granulocyte-Monocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
GN Glomerulonephritis (Nephritis)
GnRH Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
GOAT Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
GOD Glucose Oxidase
Gomer Get Outta My ER
GORD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GOT Glutamic-oxalacetic Transaminase
GPT Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
gr Grain
GRAV I First Pregnancy
GSW Gun Shot Wound
GTT Glucose Tolerance Test
GU Gastric Ulcer
GU Genitourinary
GVHD Graft-versus-host disease
Gym Gymnasium
Gyn Gynecology
GXT Graded Exercise Tolerance (stress test)
HA, H/A Headache
HA Hypertonia Arterialis
HAA Hepatitis Associated Antigen
HAART Highly Active Anti-aetroviral Therapy
HACE High Altitude Cerebral Edema
HAD HIV-associated dementia
HAE Hereditary Angioedema
HAPE High Altitude Pulmonary Edema
HAV Hepatitis A Virus
Hb Hemoglobin
HB Heart Block
HbA Hemoglobin A
HbA1C Glycosylated hemoglobin
HbF Fetal Hemoglobin
HBP High Blood Pressure
HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
HBV Hepatitis B Virus
HCC Hepatocellular Carcinoma
hCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
HCL Hairy Cell Leukemia
Hct Hematocrit
HCT Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
HCTZ Hydrochlorothiazide
HCV Hepatitis C Virus
HD Hodgkin’s Disease
HDL High-density lipoprotein
HDL-C High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
HDU High Dependancy Unit
HDV Hepatitis D virus
HEENT Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat
HELP, HELLP Hypertension, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets
HEMA Hydroxy Ethyl Methacrylate
Hema Hematest
HES Hydroxyethyl Starch
HETE Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid
HEV Hepatitis E Virus
Hgb Hemoglobin
HGH Human Growth Hormone
HGPRTase Hypoxanthine-guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase
HGV Hepatitis G Virus
HH Hiatus Hernia
HHT Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectisia
HHV Human Herpesvirus
HI Homicidal Ideation
Hib Haemophilus Influenzae B
HIDS Hyper-IgD Syndrome
HIT Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HJR Hepatojugular Reflex
HL Hepatic Lipase
HL Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
HL Hearing Level
HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
HLA Histocompatibility Locus Antigen
HLHS Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
HMD Hyaline Membrane Disease
HMGR 3-hydroxy-30methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase
HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA
HMS Hyper-reactive Malarial Splenomegaly
HMSN Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
HN Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
HND Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
HNPCC Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
HOB Head of Bed
HOCM Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
HONK Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
HPA Hypothalamic-Pituiatary-Adrenal Axis
HPETE Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid
HPF High Power Field (Microscopy)
HPI History of Present Illness
HPOA Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
HPL Human Placental Lactogen
HPV Human Papillomavirus
HR Heart Rate
HRT Hormone Replacement Therapy
hs Hours of Sleep
HSC Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
HSG Hysterosalpingogram
HSM Hepatosplenomegaly
HSP Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
HSV Herpes Simplex Virus
HT, HTN Hypertension
Ht Height
HTLV Human T-lymphotropic Virus
HTPA Hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal axis
HTVD Hypertensive Vascular Disease
HUS Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
HVLT High-velocity Lead Therapy
Hx History (medical)
h/o History of
H/H Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
H & E Hematoxylin and Eosin
H & H Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
h.s. At Bedtime
H-S Heel-to-shin test
H&M Hematemesis and Melena
H&P History and Physical Examination
I131 Radioactive Iodine
IA Intra-arterial
IABP Intra-aortic Balloon Pump
IAI Intra-amniotic Infection
IBC Inflammatory Breast Cancer
IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome
IC Informed Consent
IC Intensive Care
IC Ileocecal
IC Immunocompromised
IC Interstitial Cystitis
IC Immune Complex
IC Intracardiac
ICCU Intensive Cardiac Care Unit
ICD Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator
ICDS Integrated Child Development Services Program
ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases – 10th revision
ICF Intracellular Fluid
ICG Impedance Cardiography
ICH Intracerebral Hemorrhage
ICP Intracranial Pressure
ICS Intercostal Space
ICU Intensive Care Unit
ID Infectious Disease or Identifying Data or Identification
IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia
IDC Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
IDC Indwelling Catheter
IDC Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma
IDDM Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
IDL Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
IDP Infectious Disease Precautions/Process
IF Immunofluorescence
IFG Impaired Fasting Glycaemia
Ig Immunoglobulin
IgA Immunoglobulin A
IgD Immunoglobulin D
IgE Immunoglobulin E
IgG Immunoglobulin G
IgM Immunoglobulin M
IGT Impaired Glucose Tolerance
IHC Immunohistochemistry
IHD Ischemic Heart Disease
IHSS Idiopathic Hypertropic Subaortic Stenosis
IM Intramuscular
IMA Inferior Mesenteric Artery
IMB InterMenstrual Bleed
IMI Intramuscular Injection
IMN Infectious Mononucleosis
IMS Irritable Male Syndrome
IMT Intima-media Thickness
IMV Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
Inc Incomplete
Inf Injection
INF Intravenous Nutritional Fluid
INH Isoniazid
IO Intraosseous Infusion
IOL Induction Of Labor
IOP Intraocular Pressure
IP Interphalangeal Joint
IPPB Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing
IPPV Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
IPS Intra-Peritoneal Sounds
IQ Intelligence Quotient
IRDM Insulin Resistant Diabetes Mellitus
ISA Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity
ISDN Isosorbide dinitrate
ISH Isolated Systolic Hypertension
ISMN Isosorbide Mononitrate
IT Interthecal
ITP Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
ITU Intensive Treatment/Therapy Unit
IU International Units
IUCD Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
IUD Intrauterine Death
IUD Intrauterine Device
IUFD Intrauterine Foetal Demise
IUI Intrauterine Insemination
IUP Intrauterine Pregnancy
IUS Intrauterine System
IV Intravenous
IVC Intravenous Cholangiogram
IVC Inferior Vena Cava
IVDU Intravenous Drug User
IVF In vitro fertilization
IVF Intravenous Fluids
IVP Intravenous Pyelogram
IVPB Intravenous Piggyback
IVU Intravenous Urogram
IVUS Intravascular Ultrasound
IV-DSA Intravenous Digital Subtraction Angiography
I&D Incision and Drainage
I&O Inputs and Outputs, Intake and Outputs
i.s.q. No change
JIA Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
JMS Junior Medical Student
JODM Juvenile-Onset Diabetes Mellitus
JRA Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
JVD Jugular Vein Distension
JVP Jugular Venous Pressure
K Potassium
KA Ketoacidosis
KBr Potassium Bromide
Kcal Kilocalorie
KCCT Kaolin Cephalin Clotting Time
kg Kilogram
KIV Keep in View
KLS Kidney, Liver, Spleen
KOR Keep Open Rate
KS Kaposi’s Sarcoma
KSHV Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Herpes virus
KUB Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder
KVO Keep Vein Open
L Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
L Lumbar vertebrae
LA Left Atrium, Lymphadenopathy
Lab Laboratory
LABBB Left Anterior Bundle Branch Block
LAD Left Anterior Descending-Coronary Artery
LAD Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
LAD Left Axis Deviation-Electrocardiogram
LAD Lymphadenopathy
LAE Left Atrial Enlargement
LAHB Left Anterior Hemiblock
Lam Laminectomy
LAP Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase
Lap Laparotomy
LAR Low Anterior Resection
LARP Left-Anterior, Right-Posterior
LAS Lymphadenopathy Syndrome
LASIK Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis
Lat Lateral
lb, LB Pound
LBBB Left Bundle Branch Block
LBO Large Bowel Obstruction
LBP Low Back Pain
LCA Left Coronary Artery
LCIS Lobular Carcinoma in situ
LCM Lymphocytic Meningitis
LCX Left Circumflex Artery
Lc of ch Laxative of choice
LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase
LDL Low Density Lipoprotein
LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
LE Lupus Erythematosus
LE Lower Extremity
LEC Lupus Erythematosus Cell
LES Lower Esophageal Sphincter
LES Lupus Erythematosus Systemicus
leu Leukocytes
LFT Liver Function Test
LGL Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
LGM Lymphogranulomatosis Maligna
LGV Lymphogranuloma Venereum
LH Luteinizing Hormone
Lig Ligament
LIH Left Inguinal Hernia
LLE Left Lower Extremity
LLL Left Lower Lobe
LLQ Left Lower Quadrant
LM Left Main
LMA Left Mentoanterior-Fetal Position
LMCA Left Main Coronary Artery
LMD Local Medical Doctor
LMP Last Menstrual Period
LN Lymph Node
LOA Left Occipitoanterior
LOC Level of Consciousness
LOP Left Occipitoposterior
LORTA Loss of Resistance To Air
LOS Length of Stay
Lot Lotion
Lp Lipoprotein
LP Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)
LPH Left Posterior Hemiblock
LPL Lipoprotein Lipase
LPN Licensed Practical Nurse
LR Lactated Ringer’s Solution
LRTI Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
LTAC Long-term Acute Care
LSB Left Sternal Border
LSD Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LUL Left Upper Lobe-Lung
LUQ Left Upper Quadrant
LV Left Ventricle
LVAD Left Ventricular Assist Device
LVEDP Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure
LVEF Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
LVF Left Ventricular Failure
LVH Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
LVOT Left Ventricular Outflow Track
Ly Lymphocytes
lytes Electrolytes
L&D Labor and Delivery (Childbirth)
L-DOPA Levo-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
M Murmur (heart murmur)
MAE Moves All Extremities
MAL Midaxillary Line
MAO-I Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
MAP Mean Arterial Pressure
MAS Morgagni-Adams-Stokes Syndrome
MAST Medical Antishock Trousres
MARSA Methicillin and Aminoglycoside-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MAT Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
MBT Maternal Blood Type
MC Metacarpal Bone
MCH Mean Cell Hemoglobin
MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCHC Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration
MCP Metacarpophalangeal Joint
MCV Mean Cell Volume
MC&S Microscopy, Culture and Sensitivity
MDD Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression)
MDE Major Depressive Episode
MDI Metered Dose Inhaler
MDS Myelodysplastic Syndrome
MEDLINE Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online
MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
mEq milliequivalent
MeSH Medical Subject Headings
met Metastasis
MET Metabolic Equivalent
mg milligram
Mg Magnesium
MgSO4 Magnesium Sulfate
MGUS Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
MI Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
MICA Mental Illness and Chemical Abuse
MICU Mobile Intensive Care Unit
MIP Maximum Inspiratory Pressure
mL milliliter
MLC Mixed Lymphocyte Culture
MLE Midline Episiotomy
MM Myeloid Metaplasia
MMEF Maximal Mid Expiratory Flow
mmol millimole
MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMR Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Mo Monocytes
mod Moderate
mod Modified
MODY Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young
MOM Milk of Magnesia
Mono Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
MOPP Mechlorethamine, Vincristine, Procarbazine and Prednisone
MPD Myeloproliferative Disease
MPV Mean Platelet Volume
MR Mitral Regurgitation
MR Modified Release
MR Mental Retardation
MRA Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MRCP Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
MRG Murmurs, Rubs and Gallops
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
MS Multiple Sclerosis
MS Mitral Stenosis
MS Mental Status
MSE Mental Status Examination
MSH Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
MSM Methylsulfonylmethane
MSSA Methicillin-sensitive Staph aureus
MSO4 Morphine or Morphine Sulfate
MSU Midstream Urine Sample
MSUD Maple Syrup Urine Disease
MT Metatarsal Bone
MTBI Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
MTP Metatarsalphalangeal Joint
MTX Methotrexate
MVA Motor Vehicle Accident
MVC Motor Vehicle Crash
MVI Multivitamin Injection
MVP Mitral Valve Prolapse
MVPS Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
MVR Mitral Valve Replacement
MVV Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
M&M Morbidity & Mortality
Na Sodium
NABS Normoactive Bowel Sounds
NAD No Abnormality Detected
NAD No Apparent Distress
NAS No Added Salt
NB Newborn
NBN Newborn Nursery
NC Nasal Cannula
NC Nerve Action Potential
NCC Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
NCS Nerve Conduction Study
NCT Nerve Conduction Test
NCV Nerve Conduction Velocity
ND Not Done
Ne Neutrophil Granulocytes
NE Norepinephrine
NEC Not Elsewhere Classified
NED No Evidence of Recurrent Disease
Neg Negative
Neo Neoplasm
NES Not Elsewhere Specified
NFR Not for Resuscitation
ng Nanogram
NG Nasogastric
NGT Nasogastric Tube
NGU Non-Gonococcal Urethritis
NHL Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
NICU Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NIDDM Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes)
NK Natural Killer Cells
NKA No Known Allergies
NKDA No Known Drug Allergies
NI Normal
NLP No Light Perception
NLP Neuro-Linguistic Programming
NM Nuclear Medicine
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resoance
NNH Number Needed to Harm
NNT Number Needed to Treat
NO Nitric Oxide
No. Number
NOF Neck of Femur Fracture
Non rep. Do not repeat
NOS Nitric Oxide Synthase
NOS Not Otherwise Specified
NPH Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Npl Neoplasm
NPO Nil per os
NPTAC No Previous Tracing Available For Comparison
NRB Non-Rebreather Mask
NREM Non-Rapid Eye Movement
NRM No Regular Medications
NS Normal Saline
NSA No Significant Abnormality
NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
NSCC Non-squamous-cell carcinoma
NSD Normal Spontaneous Delivery (Natural Childbirth)
NSE Neurospecific Enolase
NSR Normal Sinus Rhythm
NST Non-Stress Test
NSTEMI Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
NSU Non-Specific Urethritis
NT Not Tested
NT Nasotracheal
NTG Nitroglycerin
NTT Nasotracheal Tube
NVD Normal Vaginal Delivery
NVD Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea
NVDC Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea and Constipation
n.s. Not Significant
N&V Nausea and Vomiting
O2 Oxygen
OA Osteoarthritis
Obl Oblique
OBS Organic Brain Syndrome
OB-GYN Obstetrics and Gynecology
Occ Occasional
OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
OCG Oral Cholecystogram
OCNA Old Chart Not Available
OCP Oral Contraceptive Pill
OCPD Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
OCT Optical Coherence Tomography
od Everyday
OD Right Eye (Latin: Oculus Dexter)
OD Occupational Disease
OD Overdose
OE Otitis Externa (Ear Infection)
OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Oint Ointment
om Every Morning
OM Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
OME Otitis Media with Effusion
on Every Night
OOB Out of bed
OPD Outpatient Department
OPPT Oriented to Person, Place and Time
OPV Outpatient Visit
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine
OR Operating Room
ORIF Open Reduction Internal Fixation
ORSA Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
OS Orthopedic Surgery
OS Left Eye (Ltin-Oculus Sinister)
OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSH Outside Hospital
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Osm Osmolarity
Osteo Osteomyelitis
OT Occupational Therapy
OTC Over-the-counter Drug
OTD Out the Door
OTPP Oriented to Time Place and Person
OU Both eyes (Latin: Oculi Uterque)
oz Ounce
O/E On examination
O&P Ova and Parasites
P Phosphorus
P Post
P Pulse
PA Pulmonary Artery
PA Posteroanterior
PA Physician Assistant
PAC Premature Atrial Contraction
PAC Pulmonary Artery Catheter
PAD Peripheral Artery Disease
PAF Platelet Activating Factor
PAF Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
PAI-1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1
PAL Posterior Axillary Line
PALS Pediatric Advanced Life Support
PAN Polyarthritis Nodosa
PAO Peak Acid Output
PaO2 Peropheral Arterial Oxygen Content
PAO2 Alveolar Oxygen
PAOD Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease
Pap Papanicolaou Test (Pap Smear)
PAP Positive Airway Pressure
PAP Papanicolaou Stain
PAP Pulmonary Artery Pressure
PARA I Indicating a woman with one child
PAT Paroxysmal Atrial Trachycardia
PCa Prostate Cancer
PCA Patient Care Report
PCA Patient-controlled Analgesia
PCD Postconcussional Disorder
PCI Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
PCL Posterior Cruciate Ligament
PCN Penicillin
PCNSL Primary CNS Lymphoma
PCO Polycystic Ovary
PCOS Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
PCP Pneumocystis Pneumonia
PCP Primary Care Physician
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCS Post-concussion Syndrome
PCV Packed Cell Volume
PCV Polycythemia vera
PCWP Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
PD Parkinson’s Disease
PD Peritoneal Disease
PDA Patent Ductus Arteriosus
PDD Pervasive Developmental Disorder
PDE Phosphodiesterase
PDR Physician’s Drug Reference
PDT Photodynamic Therapy
PE Pre-eclampsia
PE Pulmonary Embolism
PE Physical Examination
PEA Pulseless Electrical Activity
PEEP Positive End Expiratory Pressure
PEF Peak Expiratory Flow
PEFR Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
PEG Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
pen Penicillin
PERRL Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light
PERLA Pupils Equal and Reactive to Light and Accomodation
Per Vag Per Vaginam
PET Positron-emission Tomography
PFO Patent Foramen Ovale
PFT Pulmonary Function Test
pg Picogram
PGCS Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale
pH Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Ph1 Philadelphia Chromosome
PH Pulmonary Hypertension
PHx Past History (medical)
PHTLS Prehospital Trauma Life Support
PI Present Illness
PI Pulmonic Insufficiency Disease
PICC Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter
PID Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PID Prolapsed Intervertibral Disc
PIH Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
PIP Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
PK Pyruvate Kinase
PKA Protein Kinase A
PKD Polycystic Kidney Disease
PKU Phenylketonuria
PLAT Tissue Plasminogen Activator
PLT Platelets
PMB Post-Menopausal Bleeding
PMH Past Medical History
PMH Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
PMI Point of Maximal Impulse
PMN Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
PMS Premenstrual Syndrome
PMR Polymyalgia Rheumatica
PMR Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularisation
PM&R Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
PND Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
PNM Perinatal Mortality
POD Postoperative Days
POEMS Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal Protein, Skin Changes
poly Polymorphonuclear Cells
Post Posterior
POX Peroxidase
PP Post-partum
PP Postprandial or Pulsus Paradoxus or Pulse Pressure
PPCS Prolonged Post-Concussion Syndrome
PPD (Cigarette) Packs Per Day
PPD Postpartum Depression
PPD Purified Protein Derivative or Mantoux Test
PPH Postpartum Hemorrhage
PPH Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
PPH Procedure for Prolapse and Hemorrhoids
PPI Proton Pump Inhibitor
PPROM Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes
Ppt Precipitate
PPTCT (HIV) Prevention of Parent To Child Transmission
PPTL Post-Partum Tubal Ligation
PR Prothrombin Ratio
PRA Plasma Renin Activity
PRBC Packed Red Blood Cells
Preme Premature Baby
Prep Preparation
PRIND Prolonged Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit
PRL Prolactin
PRN As Necessary
Prog Prognosis
PROM Premature Rupture of Membranes
PRP PanRetinal Photocoagulation
PRV Polycythemia rubra vera
PS Pulmonic Stenosis
PSA Prostate Specific Antigen
PSH Pscychosocial History
PSP Phenylsulphtalein
PSS Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
PSV Pressure Supported Ventilation
Pt Patient
PT Physical Therapy
PT Prothrombin Time
PTA Peritonsillar Abscess
PTA Post-traumatic Amnesia
PTA Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
PTA Prior to admission
PTB Pulmonary Tuberculosis
PTC Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
PTCA Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
PTD Prior to Discharge
PTH Parathyroid Hormone
PTHC Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
PTSD Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSS Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome
PTT Partial Thromboplastin Time
PTU Propylthioluracil
PTx Pneumothorax
PUD Peptic Ulcer Disease
PUO Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
PUVA Psoralen UV A
PVC Premature Ventricular Contraction
PVD Peripheral Vascular Disease
PVFS Post-viral Fatigue Syndrome
PVR Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
PVS Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
PVS Persistent Vegetative State
PWP Pulmonary Wedge Pressure
Px Physical Examination
Px Prognosis
p.c. After Food (Latin: Post Cibum)
p.o. By Mouth
p.r. Per rectum
p.v. Per Vagina
P&A Percussion and Auscultation
P&PD Percussion and Postural Drainage
P-Y Pack-years
q Each, every (Latin: Quaque)
q4h, q6h Every 4 hours, every 6 hours
QALY Quality-adjusted Life Years
QNS Quantity Not Sufficient
QOF Quality and Outcomes Framework
Qs/Qt Shunt Fraction
qt Quart
Qt Total Cardiac Output
q.a.d. Every Other Day (Latin: Quaque Altera Die)
q.AM Every morning
q.d. Each Day
q.d.s. Four Times Each Day
q.h. Each Hour
q.h.s. Every bedtime
q.i.d. Four Times Each Day
q.I. As much as you like
q.m.t. Every Month
q.n. Every Night
q.o.d. Every Other Day
q.o.h. Every other hour
q.s. AS much as suffices
q.w.k. Weekly
RA Rheumatoid Arthritis
RA Refractory Anemia
RA Right Atrium
rad Radian
RAD Right Axis Deviation
RAD Reflex Anal Dilatation
RAD Reactive Attachment Disorder
Rad hys Radical Hysterectomy
RAE Right Atrial Enlargement
RAI Radioactive Iodine
RAP Right Atrial Pressure
RAPD Relative Afferent Pupilary Defect
RBBB Right Bundle Branch Block
RBC Red Blood Cells
RBC Red Blood Count
RBP Retino-binding Protein
RCA Right Coronary Artery
RCM Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
RCM Right Costal Margin
RCT Randomized Controlled Trial
RD Retinal Detachment
RDA Recommended Daily Allowance
RDS Respiratory Distress Syndrome
RDW Red Cell Distribution Width
RELP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
REM Rapid Eye Movement
RES Reticuloendothelial System
RF Rheumatic Fever
RF Rheumatoid Factor
RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
RFT Renal Function Test
Rh Rhesus factor
RHD Rheumatoid Heart Disease
RhF Rheumatoid Factor
RIA Radioimmunoassay
RIBA Radioimmunoblotting Assay
RICE Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation
RIH Right Inguinal Hernia
RIMA Reversible Inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase A
RIND Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit
RL Ringer’s Lactate
RLE Right Lower Extremity
RLL Right Lower Lobe-lung
RLN Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
RLN Regional Lymph Node
RLQ Right Lower Quadrant
RLS Restless Legs Syndrome
RML Right Middle Lobe-lung
RNA Ribonucleioc Acid
RNV Radionuclear Ventriculography
ROA Right Occipital Anterior
ROM Range of Motion
ROP Right Occipital Posterior
ROS Review of Systems
ROSC Return of Spontaneous Circulation
RPG Retrograde Pyelogram
RPR Rapid Plasma Reagin Test
RQ Respiratory Quotient
RR Respiratory Rate
RRR Regular Rate and Rhythm
RSI Rapid Sequence Induction
RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus
RT Respiratory Therapy
RTA Renal Tubal Acidosis
RTC Return to Clinic
RTS Revised Trauma Source
RU Resin Uptake
RUE Right Upper Extremity
RUL Right Upper Lobe – lung
RUG Retrograde Urethogram
RUQ Right Upper Quadrant
RV Right Ventricle
RV Residual Volume
RVAD Right Ventricular Assist Device
RVF Right Ventricular Failure
RVH Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
RVSP Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure
RVT Renal Vein Thrombosis
Rx Prescription Drug or medical treatment
r/g/m rubs/gallops/murmurs
R/O Rule Out
S Sacrum
S1 First Heart Sound
S2 Second Heart Sound
SA Sinoatrial Node
SAA Syntheric Amino Acid
SAB Staphylococcal Bacteremia
SAB Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
SAH Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
SAN Sinoatrial Node
SaO2 Oxygen Saturation of Artial Blood
SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score
SAPS III Simplified Acute Physiology Score
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Sat Saturation
SB Small Bowel
SBE Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
SBFT Small Bowel Follow Through
SBO Small Bowel Obstruction
SBP Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
SBP Systolic Blood Pressure
SBS Short Bowel Syndrome
SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Scope Microscope or Endoscope
SCr Serum Creatinine
SD Standard Deviation
SDH Subdermal Hematoma
Sed Sedimentation
Segs Segmented Cells
SEM Systolic Ejection Murmur
SFA Serum Folic Acid
SFA Superficial Femoral Artery
SGA Small for Gestational Age
SGGT Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
SGOT Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase
SGPT Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase
SG cath Swan-Ganz Catheter
SHBG Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
SHx Social history
SHx Surgical History
SI Suicidal Ideation
SI Seriously Ill
SI International System of Units
SI Sacroiliacal (SI Joint)
SIADH Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
SICU Surgical Intensive Care Unit
SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
sig Write on label
SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation
SIT Stress Inoculation Training
SK Streptokinase
sl Sublingual
SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
SLR Straight Leg Raise
SM Multiple Sclerosis
SMA Superior Mesenteric Artery
SMA Sequential Multiple Analysis
SMA Spinal Muscular Atrophy
SMA-6 Six-channel Serum Multiple Analysis
SMA-7 Serum Metabolic Assay
SMO Slips made out
SMS Senior Medical Student
SMT Spinal Manipulative Therapy
SMV Superior Mesenteric Vein
SN Student Nurse
SNB Sentinel Node Biopsy
SNP Sodium Nitroprusside
SNRI Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
SOAP Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan
SOB Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)
SOBOE Short of Breath On Exercise
Sol Solution
SOL Space Occupying Lesion
SOOB Send Out of bed
SOS Save Our Souls
SP Status Post
Spec Specimen
SPECT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
SPEP Single Protein Electrophoresis
SPET Single Photon Emission Tomography
Sp. Fl. Spinal Fluid
Sp. Gr. Specific Gravity
Sq Subcutaneous
SR Slow Release
SROM Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes
SS Sickle-cell disease (anemia)
SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
SSS Sick Sinus Syndrome
SSSS Staphylococcal Sclaed Skin Syndrome
Staph Staphylococcus
STD Sexually Transmitted Disease
STAT Immediately
STEMI ST Elevation MI (Myocardial Infarction)
STH Somatotropic Hormone
STI Soft Tissue Injury
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
STNR Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
STOP Surgical Termination of Pregnancy
Strep Streptococcus
STS Serological Test for Syphilis
Subq Subcutaneous
Supp Suppository
SV Seminal Vesicle
SV Stroke Volume
SVD Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
SVI Systemic Viral Infection
SVN Small Volume Nebulizer
SVR Systemic Vascular Resistance
SVT Supraventricular Tachycardia
Sx Symptoms
Sx Surgery
SXA Single Energy X-ray Absorptiometer
SXR Skull X-ray
Sz Seizure
s.c. Subcutaneous
s.d. Subdermal
S&E Sugar and Acetone
T Thoracic Vertebrae
Tab Tablet
TAB Therapeutic Abortion
TAH Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
TB, TBC Tuberculosis
TBC Total Body Crunch
TBG Total Binding Globulin
TBI Total Body Irradiation
TBI Traumatic Brain Injury
TBLC Term Birth Living Child
TC Traffic Crash
TCC Transitional Cell Carcinoma
TCN Tetracycline
TCT Thrombin Clotting Time
Td Tetanus and Diphtheria
TdP Torsades de pointes
TEB Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance
TEE Transesophageal Echocardiogram
TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
Temp Temperature
TENS Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator
TERN Intern
TF, T/F Transfer
TFTs Thyroid Function Tests
Tg Thyroglobulin
TG Triglycerides
TGA Transposition of the Great Arteries
THR Total Hip Replacement
TIA Transient Ischemic Attack
TIBC Total Iron Binding Capacity
Tib-Fib Tibia and Fibula
TIG Tetanus Immune Globulin
TIPS Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
TKR Total Knee Replacement
TKVO To Keep Vein Open
TLC Total Lung Capacity
TLC Total Leucocyte Count
TLC Tender Loving Care
TLR Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
TM Tympanic Membrane
TM Transcendental Meditation
TMB Too Many Birthdays
TME Total Mesorectal Excision
TNF Tumor Necrosis Factors
TMJ Temporomandibular Joint
TNG Trinitroglycerin
TNM Tumor-Nodes-Metastases
TNTC Too numerous to count
TO Telephone Order
TOA Tuboovarian Abscess
TOD Transoesophageal Doppler
TOE Transoesophageal Echocardiogram
TOP Termination Of Pregnancy (Abortion)
TOPV Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine
TP Totyal Protein
TPa Tissue Plasminogen Activator
TPN Total Parenteral Nutrition
TPR Temperature, Pulse, Respiration
Tr Tincture
TR Tricuspid Regurgitation
TRAM Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap
TRF Transfer
TRF’d Transferred
TRH Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
TS Tricuspid Stenosis
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Tsp Teaspoon
TT Thrombin Time
TTE Transthoracic Echocardiogram
TTO To Take Out
TTP Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
TTR Transthyretin
TTS Transdermal Therapeutic System
TTTS Twin To Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Tu Tumor
TUR Transurethral Resection
TURBT Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor
TURP Transurethral Resection of Prostate
TV Tridal Volume
TVH Total Vagina Hysterectomy
tw Twice a week
Tx Treatment
Tx Transplatation (Organ Transplant)
Tx Traction
t.d.s. Three Times a day
t.i.d. Three times a day
T.S.T.H. Too sick to send home
T&A Tonsillectomy with Adenoidectomy
T&C Type and cross-match (Blood Transfusion)
T&H Type and Hold
UA Urinanalysis
UAC Uric Acid
UAC Umbilical Artery Catheter
UAO Upper Airway Obstruction
UBD Universal Blood Donor
UBT Urea Breath Test
UC Umbilical Cord
UC Ulcerative Colitis
UCHD Usual Childhood Disease
UD As directed
UDS Urine Drug Screening
UE Upper Extremity
UFH Unfractionated Heparin
UGI Upper Gastrointesinal
Ung Ointment
Unk Unknown
UOP Urinary Output
UPJ Ureteropelvic Junction
URI Upper Respiratory Infection
URQ Upper Respiratory Quadrant
URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
US Ultrasonogram
US Ultrasound
USG Ultrasonography (Prenatal Ultrasound Imaging)
USP United States Pharmacopeia
USR Unheated Serum Reagin
USS Ultrasound Scan
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
UUN Urinary Urea Nitrogen
UVAL Ultraviolet Argon Laser
U&E Urea and Electrolytes
VA Visual Acuity
VAD Ventricular Assist Device
VAD Venous Access Device
VAD Vincristine Adriblastine Dexamethasone
Vag Vaginal
VAMP Vincristine Adriblastine Methylprednisone
VBAC Vaginal Birth After Caesarean
VC Vital Capacity
vCJD Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
VCT Venous Clotting Time
VCTC Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centers
VCUG Voiding Cysourethrogram
VD Vaginal Delivery
VD Volume of Distribution
VD Venereal Disease
VDRF Ventilator Dependent Respiratory Failure
VDRL Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory
VE Vaginal Examination
VEB Ventricular Ectopic Beat
VF or V-fib Ventricular Fibrillation
VIP Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
VLDL Very Low Density Lipoprotein
VMA Vanillylmandelic Acid
VMA Violent Mechanical Asphyxia
VNPI VanNuys Prognostic Scoring Index (Ductal Carcinoma)
VO Verbal Order
VOD Volume of Distribution
VPA Valproic Acid
VPAP Variable Positive Airway Pressure
VPB Ventricular Premature Beats
VPC Ventricular Premature Contraction
VRE Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
VRSA Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
VS Vital Signs
VSD Ventricular Septal Defect
VSR Ventricular Septal Rupture
VSS Vital Signs Stable
VT Ventricular tachycardia
VTE Venous THromboembolism
VV Varicose Veins
VW Vessel Wall
VWD Von Willebrand’s Disease
VZV Varicella Zoster Virus
V/Q Ventilation/perfusion Scan
WAP Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
WAT white adipose tissue
WB Whole Blood
WBC White Blood Cell, White Blood Cell Count
WBR whole body radiation
WC white cells
WD well developed
WDL within defined limits
WDWN well developed and well nourished
WF white female
WH Well Hydrated (no Dehydration nor Water Intoxication)
WIA wounded in action
WN well nourished
WNL within normal limits
WO written order, weeks old, wide open.
WOP without pain
WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
WS Waardenburg syndrome
WS water-soluble
WS Werner syndrome
WS West syndrome
WS Wolfram syndrome
WS Williams Syndrome
wt Weight
WWI walking while intoxicated
W-T-D wet to dry
W/ With
w/o without
W/U Workup
W/C Wheelchair
X2d Times 2 days
XL Extended Release
XL Extra Large
XM Crossmatch
XMM Xeromammography
XOM Extraocular Movements
XR Extended Release
XR X-ray Radiography (Radiation Therapy)
XRT X-ray Threapy
XS Excessive
XULN Times Upper Limit of Normal
YF Yellow Fever
YLC Youngest Living Child
YO/yo Years Old
YOB Year of Birth
ytd Year to Date
ZD Zinc Deficiency
ZDV Zidovudine
ZE Zollinger-Ellison
Zn Zinc
ZnO Zinc Oxide
ZIFT Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
ZSB Zero Stools Since Birth
Z-ESR Zeta Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate